Linux Certification

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‘Researchers at Sophos discovered that Apple updated the anti-malware protection built-into Mac OS X when it released a new version earlier this week.

Mac OS X 10.6.4 has been updated to provide limited protection against OSX/Pinhead-B (called HellRTS by Apple), a backdoor Trojan which can allow remote hackers to gain control over Mac computers for the purposes of identity theft, spying and the distribution of spam.

This malware was distributed disguised as the iPhoto application by malicious hackers.

Sophos researchers discovered that Apple updated a file called XProtect.plist – the file that contains elementary signatures of a handful of Mac threats – to detect HellRTS.

‘Facebook, Twitter and Skype are Internet behemoths, counting hundreds of millions users each, so it is not surprising that many malicious email campaigns masquerade as legitimate notices coming from these three sources.

The number of emails that try to trick recipients into downloading malicious files has surged in the last few days. Users are notified that their Twitter or Facebook password has been reset, that they should check details of purchases effected through Skype, that they have messages waiting for them, etc.

‘Symantec released its new security threat report which highlights key trends in cybercrime from Jan.1, 2009 to Dec. 31, 2009. In a year bookended by two very prominent cyber attacks – Conficker in the opening months of the year and Hydraq at the very end – the report reveals continued growth in both the volume and sophistication of cybercrime attacks.

Notable trends highlighted in this year’s report include:

‘Qubes is an open source operating system based on Linux, which is designed to provide strong security for desktop computing. Its unique selling point is that all applications that are run on Qubes is sand-boxed from each other.

This is achieved by way of virtualization of all applications using Xen Hypervisor.

Computer systems usually provide OS security in three basic ways, namely -

1. Security by correctness,
2. Security by obscurity, and
3. Security by isolation.

Qubes OS developers have embraced the path of security by isolation. To do this Qubes utilizes virtualization technology to isolate various programs from each other. This makes Qubes OS a secure by default operating system.

PHP 4 introduced a foreach construct, much like Perl and some other languages. This simply gives an easy way to iterate over arrays. foreach works only on arrays, and will issue an error when you try to use it on a variable with a different data type or an uninitialized variable. There are two syntaxes; the second is a minor but useful extension of the first:

foreach (array_expression as $value)
statement
foreach (array_expression as $key => $value)
statement

The include_once() statement includes and evaluates the specified file during the execution of the script. This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again. As the name suggests, it will be included just once.

include_once() may be used in cases where the same file might be included and evaluated more than once during a particular execution of a script, so in this case it may help avoid problems such as function redefinitions, variable value reassignments, etc.

Multiple files can be uploaded using different name for input.

It is also possible to upload multiple files simultaneously and have the information organized automatically in arrays for you. To do so, you need to use the same array submission syntax in the HTML form as you do with multiple selects and checkboxes:

Example #1 Uploading multiple files

When the above form is submitted, the arrays $_FILES['userfile'], $_FILES['userfile']['name'], and $_FILES['userfile']['size'] will be initialized (as well as in $HTTP_POST_FILES for PHP versions prior to 4.1.0). When register_globals is on, globals for uploaded files are also initialized. Each of these will be a numerically indexed array of the appropriate values for the submitted files.

This feature lets people upload both text and binary files. With PHP’s authentication and file manipulation functions, you have full control over who is allowed to upload and what is to be done with the file once it has been uploaded.

PHP is capable of receiving file uploads from any RFC-1867 compliant browser.

Note: Related Configurations Note
See also the file_uploads, upload_max_filesize, upload_tmp_dir, post_max_size and max_input_time directives in php.ini

PHP also supports PUT-method file uploads as used by Netscape Composer and W3C’s Amaya clients. See the PUT Method Support for more details.

Example #1 File Upload Form

I’m pleased to announce that the Linux 2.6 kernel has been ported to Apple’s iPhone platform, with support for the first and second generation iPhones as well as the first generation iPod touch. This is a rough first draft of the port, and many drivers are still missing, but it’s enough that a real alternative operating system is running on the iPhone.

What we have:

- Framebuffer driver
- Serial driver
- Serial over USB driver
- Interrupts, MMU, clock, etc.

What we have in openiboot (but hasn’t been ported yet):

- Read-only support for the NAND